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• 20:22 14 November 2006
• NewScientist.com news service
• David Shiga

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Java Everywhere

If technology touches your life, chances are, so does Java technology. Invented by Sun Microsystems in 1995, Java technology has become the essential ingredient of the digital experience for hundreds of millions of people in all walks of life, all over the planet.

Java software powers the onboard computers in toys, cars, planes, rockets, and even the NASA Mars Rover. It brings interactivity to the Internet, real-time graphics to television, instant imaging to cameras, and multi-player games to mobile phones and desktop PCs. It connects the largest enterprises and smallest businesses to their employees, customers, and data. And it secures the vast majority of electronic transactions in retail, finance, government, science, and medicine. In short, Java technology goes everywhere you go.

It's no wonder that Java technology has become the most powerful force in software and the most prevalent software in technology. In fact, it is the software of choice for more software engineers than any other brand of software.

If you're looking for a way to do something that's never been done before, and you want the most thrilling, efficient, fast, secure, animated, compatible, and reliable software for the job, you've come to the right place.

Java Everywhere

Facts and Figures Community Awards What's New

Java Technology Facts
The Java platform specifications and compatibility standards are controlled by the independent industry members of the Java Community Process Java software runs on more types of consumer and embedded devices, smart cards, ATMs, thin clients, PCs, servers, and mainframes than any other software Today's six million Java developers are one of the largest communities of software developers The annual JavaOne Developers Conference has been the largest gathering of software developers for over 10 years Sun estimates the total Java Economy to be more than (USD)$100 billion in sales annually driving an additional $110 billion in related IT spending The Java economy includes 2.5 billion smart cards, 800 million PCs shipped with Java, 1.85 billion Java Powered phones (source: Ovum), and over 180 telecom providers who deploy Java technology based content/services. Sun has recently released the source code for Java Platform Standard Edition, Java Platform Micro Edition and Java Platform Enterprise Edition under open source licenses.
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Recent Awards for Java Technology and Sun Microsystems
AUGUST 2007 Java Developer's Journal Readers' Choice Awards: Best Java Technical Article Best Java Virtual Machine Best Java Web Service Toolkit JUNE 2007 SD Times 100 List Open source Java was mentioned in the "Influencers" category GlassFish and Java were mentioned in the "Application Servers" category NetBeans was mentioned in the "Tools & Environments" category MARCH 2007 Dr. Dobb's Journal Jolt Awards NetBeans 5.5 in the "Best Development Environment" category NetBeans as a Productivity Winner in the "Collaboration Tools" category NetBeans Visual Web Pack as a Productivity Winner in the "Web Development" category NetBeans Mobility Pack and Sun Java Wireless Toolkit as a Productivity Winner in the "Mobile Development Tools" category Sun Developer Network was recognized as the "Best Web Sites/Developer Network" JANUARY 2007 InfoWorld's 2007 Technology of the Year Awards: NetBeans 5.5 was selected as the best Java IDE Innovator American Computer Weekly's "Top 10 Greatest IT People" James Gosling was ranked fourth DECEMBER 2006 O'Reilly's OnJava.com's 2006 Java Technology Winners and Losers: NetBeans won in the "Java IDE Platform/General Java Framework" category Java EE 5 won the "Java App Server" category Other Sun winners: Java ME and JRuby SEPTEMBER 2006 Java Developer's Journal Editor's Choice Awards: Sun Java Web Start technology NetBeans IDE 5.0 MAY 2006 CODIE Awards: NetBeans 4.1 was named "Best Software Development Solution" MARCH 2006 Developer.com 2006 "Product of the Year" Awards: JavaServer Faces won the "Framework of the Year" category Sun's Java Platform Micro Edition Wireless Toolkit won the "Wireless/Mobile Development Tool or Add-in of the Year" category (3rd year in a row) Sun Java Studio Creator won the "Java Tool/Add-in of the Year" category (2nd year in a row) Java EE 5.0 won the "Java Specification Request of the Year" category Sun Java System Identity Manager won the "Security Tool or Add-in of the Year" category FEBRUARY 2006 Java Developer's Journal Readers' Choice Awards: Java BluePrints won in the "Best Java Training" category Java SE won in the "Best Java Virtual Machine" category Java Studio Enterprise won in the "Best Java Application Development Framework" category 2005 SOA Web Services Journal Readers' Choice Awards: Java API for XML Processing won in the "Best XML Utility" category Sun Java Web Services Developer Pack Tutorial won in the "Best SOA or XML Training" category http://java.sun.com/webservices won in the "Best SOA or XML Site" category JWSDP XML and Web Services Security won in the "Best SOA Security Solution" category Sun Java System Portal Server won in the "Best SOA Portal Platform" category Java EE won in the "Best Web Services Platform" category Java Web Services Developer Pack won in the "Best Framework for SOA and Web Services" category NetBeans/Java Studio Enterprise won in the "Best SOA IDE" category Java API for XML Processing won in the "Best XML Parser" category JANUARY 2006 Dr. Dobb's Journal Jolt Awards: NetBeans 4.1
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Java Community
Consumers and Business Customer Community You are the Java community that matters the most. Your preference for Java applications and products that run them is the reason we're all here -- developers, licensees, providers, and partners. Now, Java software is running on your PC, printer, game console, TV, mobile phone, PDA, home thermostat, dishwasher, and car. And you keep asking for more. Join your online community of 15 million visitors a month who check out the boldest and newest Java applications at java.com. It's your marketplace. While you're there, download the latest Java Runtime Environment for your PC or Mac to run those apps faster. Additional software from Sun's software partners can be found at the Sun Partner Advantage Products catalog. Java.com Applications for Consumers and Businesses. Attracting 15 million consumer and business visitors a month looking for Java applications, java.com is a powerful market channel for your products, as well as a great place to get development tools and go-to-market advice Developer Community As a Java developer, you're part of the largest community of software engineers on the planet, now four million strong. Take advantage of Sun's vast developer resources and connections to other developers. java.sun.com: The Source for Java Developer Products and Technologies The Java industry's central resource for development, from the people who invented Java technology java.net: The Source for Java Technology Collaboration. Over 260,000 members collaborating on 3,000 Java software projects jcp.org - Java Community Process: Community Development of Java Technology Specifications An open, independent organization of 1,100 corporate and individual members who develop and revise the Java platform specifications, reference implementations, and test suites developers.sun.com: Advice, Best Practices, and Resources for Sun Developers Advice, products, and news for all Sun technology developers, including Solaris and Linux operating systems Open-Source Java Project Sun's Java implementation and Free Software unite. Partner Community The Sun Partner Advantage community is a network of partners who share Sun's technology, marketing, and sales resources. Sun Partner Advantage community: Build, Deploy, and Market Sun Platform Solutions Licensee Community See descriptions of Java technology licensees for each platform edition. These licensees offer Java technology specification compatibility and have met the requirements to display the Java brand logo. Java EE Licensees Java SE Licensees Java ME Licensees Java Card Licensees

Introduction to Digital TV Applications Programming

Articles Index | Java TV Articles Index | Wireless Initiative

By Monica Pawlan
February 2001

As television viewers become more sophisticated, the demands for more interactive technology will increase. To meet this demand, Sun is releasing the Java TV API. Java TV applications enhance the broadcast and viewing experience by providing such features as programming information and announcements, selectable applications such as the ability to play along with a game show, broadcast data such as a stock ticker banner running across the screen, or media control such as an interactive program-related survey.

Television viewers with Java-enabled digital television receivers will be able to receive and interact with Java TV applications while watching network programming. The tool for interacting with Java TV applications is the viewer's television remote.

The newly released Java TV reference implementation implements of the Java TV specification that includes the Java TV and Java Media Framework (JMF) APIs. It requires a PersonalJava virtual machine and class libraries to run. The source base is currently available to licensed digital receiver manufacturers (Java TV licensees) so Java-enabled digital receivers should be available to consumers soon. Developers working for licensed companies that specialize in creating digital TV content will use the Java TV API to write digital television applications that either reside on or are downloaded to Java-enabled digital TV receivers.

The Java TV API will be available to the public at a later date through Sun's Community Source Licensing program. At that time, developers who work for television networks can use the Java TV API to write digital television applications that accompany network program broadcasts. While there are a wide variety of digital television receivers with varying capabilities, the Java TV API lets developers access their common features and scales across different receiver implementations.

This article introduces the Java TV API and presents short examples to show the structure of a Java TV application. However, unless you have access to a Java TV compliant environment, you cannot run and test the examples.

Xlets

Another name for Java TV applications is Xlets. Like applets, Xlets are controlled by the software that runs them. In the case of an applet, the underlying software is a browser or the appletviewer tool. In the case of an Xlet, the underlying software is the digital television receiver or set-top box that supports the Java TV platform.

There is no main method and Xlets always implement the Xlet interface. Like applets, Xlets have a life cycle, and the life cycle method signatures are defined by the Xlet interface.

Life Cycle

The Xlet interface provides life cycle methods to signal the following Xlet state changes:

• Create
• Initialize
• Start
• Pause
• Destroy

All Java TV implementations have an application manager that calls the life cycle methods to move one or more Xlets through their various application states. For example, the viewer might be playing a game along with a game show and decide to check program listings. If the program listings and game are both Xlets, the software in the receiver is signaled that an Xlet is present when the viewer selects the program listings. At this point, the application manager pauses the game Xlet, and the receiver downloads the program listings Xlet into the receiver. The application manager loads and starts the program listing Xlet. If the viewer goes back to the game, the application manager pauses the program listing Xlet and starts the game Xlet.

The Xlet interface provides no implementations for its life cycle methods. The developer provides application-specific implementations for those methods by defining what happens at each point in the Xlet life cycle. For example, the initXlet method for the game Xlet might create the user interface components.

An Xlet can initiate some state changes itself and inform the application manager of those state changes by invoking methods on the XletContext interface. An XletContext object is passed to an Xlet when the Xlet is initialized to give the Xlet a way to retrieve properties and signal internal state changes.

Packages

The Java TV API reference implementation requires the PersonalJava Application Environment, Version 3.1, which provides core Java capabilities including the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) for building user interfaces. Some core Java packages are included in the PersonalJava platform without change from Java 2 Standard Edition, while others have been subsetted by removing functionality not appropriate for consumer products.

The Java TV API consists of classes and interfaces grouped into the following packages. These packages contain classes and interfaces to process the video, audio, and data sent to the digital receiver through the broadcast stream sent by the television networks. The digital receiver gets video, audio, and data from the broadcast stream and processes it through a broadcast media and data pipeline.

• javax.tv.carousel provides access to remote file and directory data contained in the broadcast.
• javax.tv.graphics enables simple compositing (imposing one image over another to create one image) and provides a container for building a user interfaced with AWT components.
• javax.tv.locator provides access to data and resources addressable within a television receiver. Locators can reference broadcast file systems, portions of service information, sources of audio and visual content, and interactive applications.
• javax.tv.media defines extensions to the Java Media Framework (JMF) to manage the broadcast media pipeline which contains real-time audio and visual content.
• javax.tv.media.protocol provides access to generic streaming data in the television broadcast.
• javax.tv.net provides access to Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams transmitted in the broadcast stream.
• javax.tv.service provides access to the service information (SI) database and basic SI APIs common to its subpackages.
• javax.tv.service.guide supports electronic program guides with schedules, events, and ratings.
• javax.tv.service.navigation supports hierarchical service and service information navigation.
• javax.tv.service.selection supports service selection menus.
• javax.tv.service.transport lets you query the broadcast delivery mechanisms.
• javax.tv.util supports the creation and management of timer events.
• javax.tv.xlet provides life cycle and property management methods.

Example Xlets

Xlets are typically small programs that perform simple functions such as electronic programming guides (EPGs), interactive games, enhanced content, managing the broadcast media pipeline, or managing the broadcast data signal.

This section presents two example Xlets. The first example displays a selectable list of services (channels); the second example retrieves and rotates through a list of programs and services presenting each service at the command line for 10 seconds. When run on a digital receiver, the second example Xlet presents the programs and services in the broadcast receiver where they can be retrieved by another Xlet and displayed in a user interface.

Display List of Selectable Services

The SvcDispXlet class displays a list of selectable services. The user can select a service and display details related to the selected service.

The SvcDispXlet implements the Xlet interface. In the initXlet method, the root container of the user interface is retrieved and the user interface created. Additionally, an instance of the SIManager class is acquired. This object is used to access the SI information that will be displayed by the Xlet.

The Xlet implements the ActionListener interface so it can listen for action events generated by the user interface components. In this example, the Xlet listens for action events generated by the list of programs and services and by a Refresh button. The Refresh button updates the service list by adding new programs and services and removing old ones.

• The Xlet is made an action listener for action events generated by the list when the user selects a program or service.
• The Xlet is made an action listener for action events generated by the Refresh button when the viewer uses the remote to select it.

The underlying Java platform calls the Xlet's actionPerformed method when action events are generated by user interface components for which the Xlet has been made an action listener. The actionPerformed method checks which component generated the event and passes it to the UpdateList method where the appropriate action is taken based on whether the list or button generated the event.

The SIManager object created with the call to SIManager.createInstance() is the entry point into the SI database.

The SIManager is used in the updateList method to create and manage the programs and services list.

The Xlet defines a Retriever class, which implements the SIRequestor interface. This interface is implemented by application classes to receive the results of asynchronous SI retrieval requests. The updateList method calls the getPrograms method in the Retriever class to retrieve the updated programs and services list.

import javax.tv.xlet.*; import javax.tv.graphics.*; import javax.tv.service.*; import javax.tv.service.guide.*; import javax.tv.service.navigation.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.Date; import java.text.DateFormat; public class SvcDispXlet implements Xlet, ActionListener { private Container root_container = null; private Panel panel = null; private List slist = null; private List plist = null; private Button button = null; private SIManager si_manager = null; private Retriever retriever = new Retriever(); // init method public void initXlet(XletContext ctx){ root_container = TVContainer.getRootContainer(ctx); panel = new Panel(); panel.setBackground(Color.black); root_container.setLayout(null); root_container.setBounds(0,0,400,300); root_container.add(panel); panel.setBounds(0, 0, root_container.getSize().height, root_container.getSize().width - 50); panel.setLayout(new GridLayout(2,1)); slist = new List(); slist.setBackground(Color.lightGray); slist.addActionListener(this); panel.add(slist); plist = new List(); plist.setBackground(Color.lightGray); panel.add(plist); button = new Button("Refresh"); button.setBackground(Color.darkGray); button.setForeground(Color.white); button.addActionListener(this); root_container.add(button); button.setBounds(0, root_container.getSize().width-50, root_container.getSize().height, 50); root_container.validate(); root_container.setVisible(true); si_manager = SIManager.createInstance(); } // start method // Do an initial update of the slist public void startXlet(){ panel.validate(); updateList(slist); } // pause public void pauseXlet(){} // destroy public void destroyXlet(boolean unconditional){} // called when the refresh button is pressed // or service is selected in the list public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt){ if(evt.getSource() == button){ this.updateList(slist); plist.removeAll(); } else if (evt.getSource() == slist) { this.updateList(plist); } } private void updateList(List list){ //Clear out the old list list.removeAll(); ServiceList collection = si_manager.filterServices(null); ServiceIterator si = collection.createServiceIterator(); si.toEnd(); if(list == slist) { while(si.hasPrevious()){ slist.addItem( si.previousService().getName(), 0); } } else { while(si.hasPrevious()){ Service s = si.previousService(); if(slist.getSelectedItem(). equals(s.getName())) { retriever.getPrograms(s); break; } } } } class Retriever implements SIRequestor { DateFormat dfmt = DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.SHORT); DateFormat tfmt = DateFormat.getTimeInstance(DateFormat.SHORT); void getPrograms(Service s) { try{ SIManager.createInstance(). retrieveServiceDetails( s.getLocator(), this); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public void notifySuccess( SIRetrievable[] result) { if(result[0] instanceof ServiceDetails) { try{ ((ServiceDetails)result[0]). getProgramSchedule(). retrieveFutureProgramEvents(new Date(), new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 600000000), this); catch (SIException e) {} } else if (result[0] instanceof ProgramEvent) { for(int i = 0; i < result.length; i++ ) { ProgramEvent e = (ProgramEvent)result[i]; plist.addItem(e.getName() + " : " + dfmt.format(e.getStartTime()) + " " + tfmt.format(e.getStartTime())); } } } public void notifyFailure( SIRequestFailureType reason) {} } //End Retriever class } //End SvcDispXlet class

Present Rotating List of Programs and Services

The ServiceSelectorXlet Xlet presents a rotating list of selectable services. Each service presents (is printed to the command line) for 10 seconds before rotating to the next service.

This Xlet implements ServiceContextListener so it can listen to action events related to service contexts. A service context represents an environment in which services are presented in a broadcast receiver. The initXlet method creates a ServiceContext object, and the Xlet uses the ServiceContext object to select new services in the broadcast media to be presented to the digital receiver.

The startXlet method checks for a service context object, and creates one if none currently exists. Once a service context object is created either by init or start, the Xlet is made an action listener for action events generated by the service context. When a service context event is generated, the underlying Java platform calls the receiveServiceContextEvent method, which checks which context event occurred and handles the action event accordingly.

The context event can indicate that the presentation changed, terminated, or failed. A change is a success, and the name of the changed service is printed to the command line with a notice that it succeeded. If the presentation terminated or failed, the reason for the termination or failure is retrieved and printed to the command line.

import javax.tv.locator.*; import javax.tv.service.*; import javax.tv.service.navigation.*; import javax.tv.service.selection.*; import javax.tv.xlet.*; public class ServiceSelectorXlet implements Xlet, ServiceContextListener { ServiceContextFactory scf; ServiceContext sc; public void initXlet(XletContext context) { scf = ServiceContextFactory.getInstance(); try{ sc = scf.getServiceContext(context); } catch (Exception e) {} } public void pauseXlet() {} public void destroyXlet( boolean unconditional ) {} public void startXlet() { //If fail to get a service context at initXlet if(sc == null) { try{ //Get all existing service contexts ServiceContext[] ctxs = scf.getServiceContexts(); if(ctxs.length > 0) { sc = ctxs[0]; } else { // none available, try to create one then. sc = scf.createServiceContext(); } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( "Cannot obtain a valid ServiceContext: " + e); return; } } // Add ServiceContextListener sc.addListener(this); //Get all available Services from SIManager ServiceList list = SIManager.createInstance(). filterServices(null); //Iterate the list to tune for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++ ) { try{ Service s = list.getService(i); System.out.println("selecting: " + s.getName()); sc.select(s); Thread.sleep(20000); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("selection failed: " + e); } } System.out.println("End of startXlet()"); } //Invoked when selection completes public void receiveServiceContextEvent( ServiceContextEvent event) { //Selection success if(event instanceof PresentationChangedEvent) { Service currentService = event.getServiceContext().getService(); System.out.println("Selection succeeded for: " + currentService.getName()); //Selection terminated } else if (event instanceof PresentationTerminatedEvent) { int reason = ((PresentationTerminatedEvent)event). getReason(); System.out.println( "Selection terminated with a reason: " + reason); //Selection failed } else if (event instanceof SelectionFailedEvent) { int reason = (( SelectionFailedEvent)event).getReason(); System.out.println( "Selection failed with a reason: " + reason); } } }

More Information

You can find more information on the Java TV platform at the following web sites and forums:

• Java Wireless Developer Initiative provides resources and information for developers working on consumer products.
• Java TV Technology discussion forum.
• Digital Interactive TV home page provides marketing and software information.
• Java Technology in Digital TV home page provides links to specifications and a lot of other good information.
• JDC Articles on C & E technologies cover digital television and other C & E technology areas.

Monica Pawlan is a manager and writer at Sun Microsystems, Inc., who enjoys learning and writing about new Java platform technologies. She also likes to garden, play guitar, and travel.

Have a question about programming? Use Java Online Support.

¹ As used on this web site, the terms Java virtual machine or Java VM mean a virtual machine for the Java platform.

Indian Penal Code (IPC)

INDIAN PENAL CODES
contents
Sections	Particulars
1	Title and extent of operation of the Code
2	Punishment of offences committed within India
3.	Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within, India
4.	Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences.
5.	Certain laws not to be affected by this Act.
6.	Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions
7.	Sense of expression once explained
8.	Gender
9.	Number
10.	Man, Woman
11.	Person
12.	Public
13.	Queen
14.	Servant of Government
15.	British India
16.	Government of India
17.	Government
18.	India
19.	Judge
20.	Court of Justice
21.	Public Servant
22.	Moveable property
23.	Wrongful gain
24.	Dishonestly
25.	Fraudulently
26.	Reason to believe
27.	Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant
28.	Counterfeit
29.	Document
29A.	Electronic record
30.	Valuable security
31.	A will
32.	Words referring to acts include illegal omissions
33.	Act Omission
34.	Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention
35.	When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention
36.	Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission
37.	Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence
38.	Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences
39.	Voluntarily
40.	Offence
41.	Special law
42.	Local law
43.	Illegal, Legally bound to do
44.	Injury
45.	Life
46.	Death
47.	Animal
48.	Vessel
49.	Year, Month
50.	Section
51.	Oath
52.	Good faith
52A.	Harbour
53.	Punishment
53A.	Construction of reference to transportation
54.	Commutation of sentence of death
55.	Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life
55A.	Definition of appropriate Government
56.	Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude. Proviso as to sentence for term exceeding ten years but not for life
57.	Fractions of terms of punishment
58.	Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported
59.	Transportation instead of imprisonment.
60.	Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple
61.	Sentence of forfeiture of property
62.	Forfeiture of property, in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment
63.	Amount of fine
64.	Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
65.	Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable
66.	Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine
67.	Imprisonment for non-payment of fine when offence punishable with fine only
68.	Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine
69.	Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine
70.	Fine levied within six years, or during imprisonment- Death not to discharge property from liability
71.	Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences
72.	Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which
73.	Solitary confinement
74.	Limit of solitary confinement
75.	Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction
76.	Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law
77.	Act of Judge when acting judicially
78.	Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court
79.	Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law
80.	Accident in doing a lawful act
81.	Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm
82.	Act of a child under seven years of age
83.	Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding
84.	Act of a person of unsound mind
85.	Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will
86.	Offence requiring a particular intent of knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated
87.	Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent
88.	Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit
89.	Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian
90.	Consent known to be given under fear or misconception
91.	Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused
92.	Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent
93.	Communication made in good faith
94.	Act to which a person is compelled by threats
95.	Act causing slight harm
96.	Things done in private defence
97.	Right of private defence of the body and of property
98.	Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.
99.	Act against which there is no right of private defence
100.	When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death
101.	When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
102.	Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body
103.	When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death
104.	When such right extends to causing any harm other than death
105.	Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property
106.	Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person
107.	Abetment of a thing
108.	Abettor
108A.	Abetment in India of offences outside India
109.	Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence, and where no express provision is made for its punishment
110.	Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor
111.	Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done
112.	Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act doness
113.	Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor
114.	Abettor present when offence is committed
115.	Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life-if offence not committed
116.	Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment-if offence be not committed
117.	Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons
118.	Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life
119.	Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent
120.	Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
120A.	Definition of criminal conspiracy
120B.	Punishment of criminal conspiracy
121.	Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India
121A.	Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 121
122.	Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India
123.	Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war
124.	Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power
124A.	Sedition
125.	Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with the Government of India
126.	Committing depredation on territories of Power at peace with the Government of India
127.	Receiving Property taken by war on depredation mention in Sections 125 and 126
128.	Public servant voluntary allowing prisoner of State or war to escape
129.	Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape
130.	Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner
131.	Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty
132.	Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof
133.	Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office
134.	Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed
135.	Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman
136.	Harbouring deserter
137.	Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master
138.	Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman
138A	Application of foregoing sections to the Indian Marine Service
139.	Persons subject to certain Acts
140.	Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman
141.	Unlawful assembly
142.	Being member of unlawful assembly
143.	Punishment
144.	Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon
145.	Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse
146.	Rioting
147.	Punishment for rioting
148.	Rioting, armed with deadly weapon
149.	Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object
150.	Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join unlawful assembly
151.	Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse
152.	Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
153.	Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot-if rioting be committed-if not committed
153A.	Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony
153B.	Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national-integration
154.	Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held
155.	Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed
156.	Liability of agent of owner of occupier for whose benefit riot is committed
157.	Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly
158.	Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot
159.	Affray
160.	Punishment for committing affray
161-165A.	Repealed
166.	Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person
167.	Public servant farming an incorrect document with intent to cause injury
168.	Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade
169.	Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property
170.	Personating a public servant
171.	Wearing grab or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent
171A.	Candidate, Electoral right defined
171B.	Bribery
171C.	Undue influence at elections
171D.	Personation at elections
171E.	Punishment for bribery
171F.	Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election
171G.	False statement in connection with an election
171H.	Illegal payments in connection with an election
171I.	Failure to keep election accounts
172.	Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding
173.	Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof
174.	Non-attendance in obedience to an order form public servant
175.	Omission to produce to document or electronic record to public servant by person legally bound to produce it.

176.	Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it
177.	Furnishing false information
178.	Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it
179.	Refusing to answer public servant authorized to question
180.	Refusing to sign statement
181.	False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorized to administer an oath or affirmation
182.	False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person
183.	Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant
184.	Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant
185.	Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servan
186.	Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions
187.	Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance
188.	Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant
189.	Threat of injury to public servant
190.	Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant
191.	Giving false evidence
192.	Fabricating false evidence
193.	Punishment for false evidence
194.	Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence
195.	Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment
196.	Using evidence known to be false
197.	Issuing or signing false certificate
198.	Using as true a certificate known to be false
199.	False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence
200.	Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false
201.	Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender
202.	Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform
203.	Giving false information respecting an offence committed
204.	Destruction of document or electronic record to prevent its production as sevidence
205.	False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution
206.	Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
207.	Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution
208.	Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due
209.	Dishonestly making false claim in Court
210.	Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due
211.	False charge of offence made with intent to injure
212.	Hrbouring offender
213.	Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment
214.	Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender
215.	Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
216.	Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered
216A.	Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits
216B.	Definition of "harbour" in sections 212, 216 and 216A
217.	Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
218.	Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture
219.	Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law
220.	Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law
221.	Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend
222.	Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed
223.	Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant
224.	Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension
225.	Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person
225.A	Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape on part of public servant in cases not otherwise, provided for
225.B	Resistant or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for
226.	Unlawful return from transportation
227.	Violation of condition of remission of punishment
228.	Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding
228A.	Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences etc
229.	Personation of a juror or assessor
230.	Coin defined
231.	Counterfeiting coin
232.	Counterfeiting Indian coin
233.	Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin
234.	Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Indian coin
235.	Possession of instrument, or material for the purpose of using the same for counterfeiting coin
236.	Abetting in India the counterfeiting out of India of coin
237.	Import or export of counterfeit coin
238.	Import or export of counterfeits of the India coin
239.	Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
240.	Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit
241.	Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be counterfeit
242.	Possession of counterfeit coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possess thereof
243.	Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof
244.	Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law
245.	Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint
246.	Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of coin
247.	Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of Indian coin
248.	Altering appearance of coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
249.	Altering appearance of India coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description
250.	Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
251.	Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered
252.	Possession of coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
253.	Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof
254.	Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possess, the deliverer did not know to be altered
255.	Counterfeiting Government stamp
256.	Having possession of instrument or material for counterfeiting Government stamp
257.	Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp
258.	Sale of counterfeit Government stamp
259.	Having possession of counterfeit Government stamp
260.	Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be a counterfeit
261.	Effacing, writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government
262.	Using Government stamp known to have been before used
263.	Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used
263A.	Prohibition of fictitious stamps
264.	Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing
265.	Fraudulent use of false weight or measure
266.	Being in possession of false weight or measure
267.	Making or selling false weight or measure
268.	Public nuisance
269.	Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
270.	Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life
271.	Disobedience to quarantine rule
272.	Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale
273.	Sale of noxious food or drink
274.	Adulteration of drugs
275.	Sale of adulterated drugs
276.	Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation
277.	Fouling water of public spring or reservoir
278.	Making atmosphere noxious to health
279.	Rash driving or riding on a public way
280.	Rash navigation of vessel
281.	Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy
282.	Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel
283.	Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation
284.	Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance
285.	Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter
286.	Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance
287.	Negligent conduct with respect to machinery
288.	Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down or repairing buildings
289.	Negligent conduct with respect to animal
290.	Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for
291.	Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue
292.	Sale, etc., or obscene books, etc.
292A.	Printing etc. of grossly indecent or scurrilous matter or matter intended for blackmail
293.	Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person
294.	Obscene acts and songs
294A.	Keeping lottery office
295.	Injuring or defiling place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class
295A.	Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings or any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs
296	Disturbing religious assembly
297.	Trespassing on burial places, etc.
298.	Uttering, words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any person
299.	Culpable homicide
300.	Murder
301.	Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended
302.	Punishment for murder
303.	Punishment for murder by life-convict
304.	Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder
304A.	Causing death by negligence
304B.	Dowery death
305.	Abetment of suicide of child or insane person
306.	Abetment of suicide
307.	Attempt to murder
308.	Attempt to commit culpable homicide
309.	Attempt to commit suicide
310.	Thug
311.	Punishment
312.	Causing miscarriage
313.	Causing miscarriage without woman's consent
314.	Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage-
315.	Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth
316.	Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide
317.	Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.
318.	Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
319.	Hurt.
320.	Grievous hurt.
321.	Voluntarily causing hurt.
322.	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
323.	Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt
324.	Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means
325.	Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt
326.	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means
327.	Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
328.	Causing hurt by means of poison, etc. with intent to commit an offence
329.	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act
330.	Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
331.	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property
332.	Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty
333.	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty
334.	Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation
335.	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation: -
336.	Act endangering life or personal safety of others
337.	Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
338.	Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others
339.	Wrongful restraint
340.	Wrongful confinement.
341.	Punishment for wrongful restraint
342.	Punishment for wrongful Confinement
343.	Wrongful confinement for three or more days
344.	Wrongful confinement for ten or more days
345.	Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ has been issued
346.	Wrongful confinement in secret
347.	Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act
348.	Wrongful confinement to extort confession, or compel restoration of property
349.	Force
350.	Criminal force
351.	Assault
352.	Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation
353.	Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty
354.	Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty
355.	Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation
356.	Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person

357.	Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person
358.	Assault or criminal force on grave provocation
359.	Kidnapping
360.	Kidnapping from India
361.	Kidnapping from lawful guardianship
362.	Abduction
363.	Punishment for kidnapping
363A.	Kidnapping or maiming a minor for purposes of begging
364.	Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder
364A.	Kidnapping for ransom, etc.
365.	Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person
366.	Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
366A.	Procreation of minor girl
366B.	Importation of girl from foreign country
367.	Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.
368.	Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person
369.	Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person
370.	Buying or disposing of any person as slave
371.	Habitual dealing in slave
372.	Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
373.	Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
374.	Unlawful compulsory labour
375.	Rape
376.	Punishment for rape
376A.	Intercourse by a man with his wife during separation
376B.	Intercourse by public servant with woman is his custody
376C.	Intercourse by superintendent of jail, remand home, etc.
376D.	Intercourse by any member of the management or staff of a hospital with any woman in that hospital
377.	Unnatural offences
378.	Theft
379.	Punishment for theft
380.	Theft in dwelling house, etc.
381.	Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master
382.	Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft
383	Extortion
384.	Punishment for extortion
385.	Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion
386.	Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt
387.	Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion
388.	Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc.
389.	Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion
390.	Robbery
391.	Dacoity
392.	Punishment for robbery
393.	Attempt to commit robbery
394.	Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery
395.	Punishment for dacoity
396.	Dacoity with murder
397.	Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt
398.	Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon
399.	Making preparation to commit dacoity
400.	Punishment for belonging to gang of dacoits
401.	Punishment for belonging to gang of thieves
402.	Assembling for purpose of committing dacoity
403.	Dishonest misappropriation of property
404.	Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death
405.	Criminal breach of trust
406.	Punishment for criminal breach of trust
407.	Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc.
408.	Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant
409.	Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent
410.	Stolen Property
411.	Dishonestly receiving stolen property
412.	Dishonestly receiving property stolen in the commission of a dacoity
413.	Habitually dealing in stolen property
414.	Assisting in concealment of stolen property
415.	Cheating
416.	Cheating by personation
417.	Punishment for cheating
418.	Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect
419.	Punishment for cheating by personation
420.	Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property
421.	Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors
422.	Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors
423.	Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration
424.	Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property
425.	Mischief
426.	Punished for mischief
427.	Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees
428.	Mischief by killing or maiming animal of the value of ten rupees
429.	Mischief by killing or maiming cattle, etc., of any value or any animal of the value of fifty rupees
430.	Mischief by injury to works of irrigation or by wrongfully diverting water
431.	Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, river or channel
432.	Mischief by causing inundation or obstruction to public drainage attended with damage
433.	Mischief by destroying, moving or rendering less useful a light-house or sea-mark
434.	Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land- mark fixed by public authority
435.	Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land- mark fixed by public authority Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred or (in case of agricultural produce) ten rupees
436.	Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc.
437.	Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden
438.	Punishment for the mischief described in section 437 committed by fire or explosive substance
439.	Punishment for intentionally running vessel agground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc.
440.	Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt
441.	Criminal trespass
442.	House trespass
443.	Lurking house-trespass
444.	Lurking house-trespass by night
445.	Housing breaking
446.	House-breaking by night
447.	Punishment for criminal trespass
448.	Punishment for house-trespass
449.	House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with death
450.	House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life
451.	House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
452.	House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
453.	Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking
454.	Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
455.	Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint
456	Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night
457.	Lurking house trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment
458.	Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault, or wrongful restraint
459.	Grievous hurt caused whilst committing lurking house trespass or house-breaking
460.	All persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night punishable where death or grievous hurt caused by one of them
461.	Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property
462.	Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody
463.	Forgery
464.	Making a false document
465	Punishment for forgery
466.	Forgery of record of court or of public register, etc.
467.	Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.
468.	Forgery for purpose of cheating
469.	Forgery for purpose of harming reputation
470.	Forged document or electronic record
471.	Using as genuine a forged document or electronic record
472.	Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 467
473.	Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise
474.	Having possession of document described in Section 466 or 467, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine
475.	Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
476.	Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents or electronic record other than those described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material
477.	Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security
477A.	Falsification of accounts
478.	Trade marks
479.	Property mark
480.	Using a false trade mark
481.	Using a false property mark
482.	Punishment for using a false property mark
483.	Counterfeiting a property mark used by another
484.	Counterfeiting a mark used by a public servant
485.	Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark
486.	Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark
487.	Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods
488.	Punishment for making use of any such false mark
489.	Tempering with property mark with intent to cause injury
489A.	Counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
489B.	Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
489C.	Possession of forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
489D.	Making or possessing instruments or materials for forgoing or counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
489E.	Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes
490.	Breach of contract of service during voyage or journey
491.	Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person
492.	Breach of contract to serve at distant place to which servant is conveyed at master's expense
493.	Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage
494.	Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife
495.	Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted
496.	Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage
497.	Adultery
498.	Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman
498A.	Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty
499.	Defamation
500.	Punishment for defamation
501.	Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory
502.	Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter
503.	Criminal intimidation
504.	Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace
505.	Statements conducing to public mischief
506.	Punishment for criminal intimidation
507.	Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication
508.	Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of the Divine displeasure
509.	Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman
510.	Misconduct in public by a drunken person
511.	Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment